Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level leading to a fall in the purchasing power or value of money.The greatest falls in the value of money came during the mid-late 1970s and then in 1980s.
Inflation reduces the value of money. When prices are increasing, then the value of money falls.
Deflation
Price deflation is when the rate of inflation becomes negative. I.e. the general price level is falling and the value of money is increasing. Some countries have experienced deflation in recent years – good examples include Japan and China. In Japan, the root cause of deflation was slow economic growth and a high level of spare capacity in many industries that was driving prices lower. In China, economic growth has been rapid – but the huge amount of capital investment and rising productivity has led to economies of scale being exploited and a fall in production costs.
The main causes of inflation
Inflation can come from several sources: Some come direct from the domestic economy, for example the decisions of the major utility companies providing electricity or gas or water on their prices for the year ahead, or the pricing strategies of the leading food retailers based on the strength of demand and competitive pressure in their markets. A rise in government VAT would also be a cause of increased domestic inflation because it increases a firm’s production costs.
Inflation can also come from external sources, for example an unexpected rise in the price of crude oil or other imported commodities, foodstuffs and beverages. Fluctuations in the exchange rate can also affect inflation – for example a fall in the value of sterling might cause higher import prices – which feeds through directly into the consumer price index.
Sunday 19 April 2009
Saturday 18 April 2009
Over the past 200-300years, British society has changed dramatically in terms of the way it is organized.Economically, politically and culturally. The simplest way of expressing the extent of this change is to think in terms of the Industrial Revolution- the process whereby the major form of economic production changed from being predominantly agriculture which is based around the farming of land, to being predominantly industrial ( which is based on application of machinery to the production process.
Industrialisation , when the production process became mechanization at the result economic production still be increase.
Urbanisation when was a population movement away from small-scale a agricultural, settlements to large-scale communities based upon town and cities . It is a change in social relationships as they apply to economic production, follows the family as an institution must also have experienced various changed.
Parsons builds up an eleborate model of systems and subsystems, each system must meet four functional prerequisities. Four basic requirements hat must be fulfille, these are adaptation,goal attainment, integration and latency or pattern -maintenance. The social world can be potentially organized to raise the living stndard of everyone in society.
Kinship systems establish relationship between parents and children, between siblings, and between marital partners.Most kinship systems do operate to establish rights in the sexual, reproductive, economic and domestic services of women.
Geographic mobility from the workforce when people had mobile to find ana keep work in the new industrial processes.
Industrialisation , when the production process became mechanization at the result economic production still be increase.
Urbanisation when was a population movement away from small-scale a agricultural, settlements to large-scale communities based upon town and cities . It is a change in social relationships as they apply to economic production, follows the family as an institution must also have experienced various changed.
Parsons builds up an eleborate model of systems and subsystems, each system must meet four functional prerequisities. Four basic requirements hat must be fulfille, these are adaptation,goal attainment, integration and latency or pattern -maintenance. The social world can be potentially organized to raise the living stndard of everyone in society.
Kinship systems establish relationship between parents and children, between siblings, and between marital partners.Most kinship systems do operate to establish rights in the sexual, reproductive, economic and domestic services of women.
Geographic mobility from the workforce when people had mobile to find ana keep work in the new industrial processes.
Sunday 12 April 2009
a)Expressive role is the role that women are take care after the childdren,house work,give emotional support and create home comfort.
b)Unpaid domestic Labour, emotional support for the whole family.
c) Rising standards of livin;improvements in economic and education levels of families, helped to promote health; decrease mortality.
d)Philippe Ariés supported the idea of childhood being a social construction using historical documents and paintings. These documents and paintings illustrated what it was like for children, who were part of a wealthier family. He believed that there was little distinction between the clothes worn by adults and children, and this also lead to similar activities being undertaken. Whereas now, it can be argued that childhood has been extended legally and is now, more of an age of innocence. Rather than adulthood.
When he began his research he found that, childhood was a very new concept. It did not exist at all in the Medieval period. But, on his argument, childhood did not really penetrate the great masses of the lower and lower-middle classes until very late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In the Medieval world ayoung person of 7 years old was already an adult. His points were apprentice, became workers in the fields and later after the industrial revolution in the factory, and generally entered fully in to the adult society ata very early age. On Aries' view, once itstitution of childhood began to emerge the situation of the young person began to change in society. Children were to be protected from adult reality. The facts of birth, death, sex, tragedy, world events were hidden from the child.
Bilton et al 1981 In some cultures the contribution made by the children is necessary for the economic survival of the family
Giddens believed that, democratisation allowing privatelife of the family to mirror the public with the assistance of media. Children are now given many more rights in order for protetion as well as equal opportunities.
Lowrence Stone suggsts that with the awareness that behaviour depended on discipline, parentstook their duty as disciplinarians more seriously. He claims that whipping and flogging now became common place in an attempt to instill morality in their children.
Sather argues that following the Reformation, the relationship between parents an dchildren became characterised by harshness and cruelty, as physical punishment became the norm, especially amongst Puritans.
e)Murdock’s traditional definition (adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, with one or more children of the sexually cohabiting adults) gives a higher % than a wider definition (such as a social unit made up of people who support each other socially, economically, psychologically, or sexually) since the latter would then include childless couples, unmarried couples with children (including step-children) and same sex couples.
Giddens (1994) established beyond doubt that these ‘golden age’ references were very much based on a myth, but they are embedded in many people’s thinking (including advertisers) and account for a good number of the moral panics that regularly feature in the media (particularly the tabloids) and their condemnation of lone parents, absent fathers, single sex unions – and even divorce and cohabitation.
Young and Willmott in the 1950s/1960s, much stress has been put on the idea of the ‘development’ of the nuclear family – through increases in the number of ‘symmetrical families’ where conjugal roles are shared, to more recent (e.g. Chester, 1985) arguments that the traditional nuclear family may not be the norm in terms of composition, but remains the norm in terms of the key positive functions it fulfils, despite the increase in family flexibility through cohabitation, remarriage, etc. This is quite a clever way of arguing it, because you have the traditional functionalist defence of the nuclear family, with its functions performed in a much broader variety of contexts.
b)Unpaid domestic Labour, emotional support for the whole family.
c) Rising standards of livin;improvements in economic and education levels of families, helped to promote health; decrease mortality.
d)Philippe Ariés supported the idea of childhood being a social construction using historical documents and paintings. These documents and paintings illustrated what it was like for children, who were part of a wealthier family. He believed that there was little distinction between the clothes worn by adults and children, and this also lead to similar activities being undertaken. Whereas now, it can be argued that childhood has been extended legally and is now, more of an age of innocence. Rather than adulthood.
When he began his research he found that, childhood was a very new concept. It did not exist at all in the Medieval period. But, on his argument, childhood did not really penetrate the great masses of the lower and lower-middle classes until very late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In the Medieval world ayoung person of 7 years old was already an adult. His points were apprentice, became workers in the fields and later after the industrial revolution in the factory, and generally entered fully in to the adult society ata very early age. On Aries' view, once itstitution of childhood began to emerge the situation of the young person began to change in society. Children were to be protected from adult reality. The facts of birth, death, sex, tragedy, world events were hidden from the child.
Bilton et al 1981 In some cultures the contribution made by the children is necessary for the economic survival of the family
Giddens believed that, democratisation allowing privatelife of the family to mirror the public with the assistance of media. Children are now given many more rights in order for protetion as well as equal opportunities.
Lowrence Stone suggsts that with the awareness that behaviour depended on discipline, parentstook their duty as disciplinarians more seriously. He claims that whipping and flogging now became common place in an attempt to instill morality in their children.
Sather argues that following the Reformation, the relationship between parents an dchildren became characterised by harshness and cruelty, as physical punishment became the norm, especially amongst Puritans.
e)Murdock’s traditional definition (adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, with one or more children of the sexually cohabiting adults) gives a higher % than a wider definition (such as a social unit made up of people who support each other socially, economically, psychologically, or sexually) since the latter would then include childless couples, unmarried couples with children (including step-children) and same sex couples.
Giddens (1994) established beyond doubt that these ‘golden age’ references were very much based on a myth, but they are embedded in many people’s thinking (including advertisers) and account for a good number of the moral panics that regularly feature in the media (particularly the tabloids) and their condemnation of lone parents, absent fathers, single sex unions – and even divorce and cohabitation.
Young and Willmott in the 1950s/1960s, much stress has been put on the idea of the ‘development’ of the nuclear family – through increases in the number of ‘symmetrical families’ where conjugal roles are shared, to more recent (e.g. Chester, 1985) arguments that the traditional nuclear family may not be the norm in terms of composition, but remains the norm in terms of the key positive functions it fulfils, despite the increase in family flexibility through cohabitation, remarriage, etc. This is quite a clever way of arguing it, because you have the traditional functionalist defence of the nuclear family, with its functions performed in a much broader variety of contexts.
Thursday 2 April 2009
"Owners of capital will stimulate working class to buy more and more of
expensive goods, houses and technology, pushing them to take more and more
expensive credits, until their debt becomes unbearable. The unpaid debt will
lead to bankruptcy of banks, which will have to be nationalized, and State
will have to take the road which will eventually lead to communism."
Karl Marx, 1867
expensive goods, houses and technology, pushing them to take more and more
expensive credits, until their debt becomes unbearable. The unpaid debt will
lead to bankruptcy of banks, which will have to be nationalized, and State
will have to take the road which will eventually lead to communism."
Karl Marx, 1867
Sunday 22 March 2009
New Labour’s Educational Policy since 1997
A new study by members and associates of the Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion at the London School of Economics has surveyed the evidence on the impact of policies towards poverty, inequality and social exclusion since the Labour Government was elected in 1997. The study suggests that the Government has taken poverty and social exclusion very seriously, marking a clear distinction from recent previous administrations. A wide range of the problems faced by Britain in the mid-1990s has been recognised, as has their multi-faceted and inter-linked nature. Poverty and social exclusion have been the subject of some of the Government’s most high-profile targets, particularly to cut and eventually 'eradicate' child poverty. Also to ensure since 10-20 years and no one is seriously disadvantaged by where they live. However, there are no targets for working-age poverty, for poverty of the population as a whole, or for overall inequality. There are vulnerable groups not covered by specific initiatives and in the case of asylum seekers, government policy has increased exclusion (in the terms applied to other groups). Where initiatives have been specifically evaluated the effects have mostly been positive, although not always very large. Child poverty has been reduced by the Labour Government’s tax and benefit reforms, and detailed analysis of family spending patterns suggests that the income changes for parents with children are having clear benefits. Overall, the impact of tax-benefit reform has been more progressive than an alternative policy of earnings-inking all benefit levels without reform would have been. But there are groups that have been left out. While poverty rates fell overall, those for working-age adults without children had reached record levels by 2002-03.
Its policy have been focused on education on a global market, view education and training as crucial for economic success. Schools have been encouraged to specialize in particular subjects. The aim has been to increase choice, encourage competition, raise standards and allow schools specialisms.
In 1997 New Labour inherited 196 specialist schools from the Conservatives. Ten years later there were about 2500 schools - it is about 80 per cent of all secondary schools in England.
Work-related learning. They continued commitment to the aim of improving the skills of the workforce in order for Britain to remain competitive in the global marketplace. The raising of the minimum age of full-time education (18), more options in providing vocational and education and training.
Competition and choice have continued to improve educational standards. New Labour has tried to increase opportunities. Also they have aim to increase the numbers in the high education .(not only upper and middle class but also and working class)
The changes in higher education reflect the overall pattern of their policies on education-opportunities have increased for everybody, but class inequalities remain stubbornly present.
A new study by members and associates of the Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion at the London School of Economics has surveyed the evidence on the impact of policies towards poverty, inequality and social exclusion since the Labour Government was elected in 1997. The study suggests that the Government has taken poverty and social exclusion very seriously, marking a clear distinction from recent previous administrations. A wide range of the problems faced by Britain in the mid-1990s has been recognised, as has their multi-faceted and inter-linked nature. Poverty and social exclusion have been the subject of some of the Government’s most high-profile targets, particularly to cut and eventually 'eradicate' child poverty. Also to ensure since 10-20 years and no one is seriously disadvantaged by where they live. However, there are no targets for working-age poverty, for poverty of the population as a whole, or for overall inequality. There are vulnerable groups not covered by specific initiatives and in the case of asylum seekers, government policy has increased exclusion (in the terms applied to other groups). Where initiatives have been specifically evaluated the effects have mostly been positive, although not always very large. Child poverty has been reduced by the Labour Government’s tax and benefit reforms, and detailed analysis of family spending patterns suggests that the income changes for parents with children are having clear benefits. Overall, the impact of tax-benefit reform has been more progressive than an alternative policy of earnings-inking all benefit levels without reform would have been. But there are groups that have been left out. While poverty rates fell overall, those for working-age adults without children had reached record levels by 2002-03.
Its policy have been focused on education on a global market, view education and training as crucial for economic success. Schools have been encouraged to specialize in particular subjects. The aim has been to increase choice, encourage competition, raise standards and allow schools specialisms.
In 1997 New Labour inherited 196 specialist schools from the Conservatives. Ten years later there were about 2500 schools - it is about 80 per cent of all secondary schools in England.
Work-related learning. They continued commitment to the aim of improving the skills of the workforce in order for Britain to remain competitive in the global marketplace. The raising of the minimum age of full-time education (18), more options in providing vocational and education and training.
Competition and choice have continued to improve educational standards. New Labour has tried to increase opportunities. Also they have aim to increase the numbers in the high education .(not only upper and middle class but also and working class)
The changes in higher education reflect the overall pattern of their policies on education-opportunities have increased for everybody, but class inequalities remain stubbornly present.
Unemployment
Unemployment, people who are not in work but available to work, people who are looking for work, but claiming benefit-jobseekers allowance. There are different types of unemployment and it depends on the situation at the goods market.
Frictional unemployment-when a worker moves from one job to another. While he searches for a job he is experiencing frictional unemployment. This is a productive part of the economy, increasing both the worker's long term welfare and economic efficiency. It is a result of imperfect information in the labour market, because if job seekers knew that they would be employed for a particular job vacancy, almost no time would be lost in getting a new job, eliminating this form of unemployment.
Structural unemployment is caused by a mismatch between jobs offered by employers and potential workers. This may pertain to geographical location, skills, and many other factors. If such a mismatch exists, frictional unemployment is likely to be more significant as well.
Seasonal unemployment occurs when an occupation is not in demand at certain seasons.
Cycle unemployment Cyclical or Keynesian unemployment, also known as demand deficient unemployment, occurs when there is not enough aggregate demand in the economy. This is caused by a business cycle recession, and wages not falling to meet the equilibrium rate.
Government pay benefit for people who unemployment but for the part of time while person find work.
Unemployment, people who are not in work but available to work, people who are looking for work, but claiming benefit-jobseekers allowance. There are different types of unemployment and it depends on the situation at the goods market.
Frictional unemployment-when a worker moves from one job to another. While he searches for a job he is experiencing frictional unemployment. This is a productive part of the economy, increasing both the worker's long term welfare and economic efficiency. It is a result of imperfect information in the labour market, because if job seekers knew that they would be employed for a particular job vacancy, almost no time would be lost in getting a new job, eliminating this form of unemployment.
Structural unemployment is caused by a mismatch between jobs offered by employers and potential workers. This may pertain to geographical location, skills, and many other factors. If such a mismatch exists, frictional unemployment is likely to be more significant as well.
Seasonal unemployment occurs when an occupation is not in demand at certain seasons.
Cycle unemployment Cyclical or Keynesian unemployment, also known as demand deficient unemployment, occurs when there is not enough aggregate demand in the economy. This is caused by a business cycle recession, and wages not falling to meet the equilibrium rate.
Government pay benefit for people who unemployment but for the part of time while person find work.
Supply -Side Policy
Supply-side policy is increase Aggregate Supply (AS) by improving the efficiency of labour and product markets. Supply -side policy always aim to increase AS, they never designed to reduce AS. And they should to increase real GDP, reduce unemployment, reduce inflation.
If Long-Run Aggregate Supply shift to the right the productive capacity of the economy has increased.
Example: Increase Quantity of Labour supply - introduce a minimum wage to encourage people to work, reduce income tax, reduce jobseekers allowance. OR education and training lead to increase productivity that is mean to increase quality of labour. Also to improve productivity of capital- it can be help to invest and develop new technology , eg give to firms some subsidy . Privatisation - increase efficiency in the allocation and utilisation of resources and also a major factor to cut down borrow by the government. Deregulation - to remove rules to make easier for companies to enter markets and become more efficient.
Supply-side policy is increase Aggregate Supply (AS) by improving the efficiency of labour and product markets. Supply -side policy always aim to increase AS, they never designed to reduce AS. And they should to increase real GDP, reduce unemployment, reduce inflation.
If Long-Run Aggregate Supply shift to the right the productive capacity of the economy has increased.
Example: Increase Quantity of Labour supply - introduce a minimum wage to encourage people to work, reduce income tax, reduce jobseekers allowance. OR education and training lead to increase productivity that is mean to increase quality of labour. Also to improve productivity of capital- it can be help to invest and develop new technology , eg give to firms some subsidy . Privatisation - increase efficiency in the allocation and utilisation of resources and also a major factor to cut down borrow by the government. Deregulation - to remove rules to make easier for companies to enter markets and become more efficient.
Friday 20 March 2009
Monetary policy
Monetary policy include Central Bank or Government decision on the rate of interest, the money supply,exchange rate. A high interest rate reduce consumption and lower firm's investment. But a higher exchange rate will make exports more expensive and imports-cheaper. A rise of inerest rate reduce consumption, investment and export minus import (decrease AD).
Expansionary Monetary Policy increases the size of the money supply, or decreases the interest rate, they do it to reduce unemployment, but it may increase inflation
Contractionary Monetray Policy raise interest rate, to rduce inflation ( but again may increase unemployment.)Monetary policy can be use to control inflation, Inflation is defined to increases in price levels.Contractionary monetary policy has the effect of reducing inflation by reducing upward pressure on price levels.Contractionary fiscal policy use to control inflation, because it involves spending cuts and tax increases.
Monetary policy include Central Bank or Government decision on the rate of interest, the money supply,exchange rate. A high interest rate reduce consumption and lower firm's investment. But a higher exchange rate will make exports more expensive and imports-cheaper. A rise of inerest rate reduce consumption, investment and export minus import (decrease AD).
Expansionary Monetary Policy increases the size of the money supply, or decreases the interest rate, they do it to reduce unemployment, but it may increase inflation
Contractionary Monetray Policy raise interest rate, to rduce inflation ( but again may increase unemployment.)Monetary policy can be use to control inflation, Inflation is defined to increases in price levels.Contractionary monetary policy has the effect of reducing inflation by reducing upward pressure on price levels.Contractionary fiscal policy use to control inflation, because it involves spending cuts and tax increases.
Thursday 19 March 2009
Fiscal Policy
There are three economic policies that governments use to influence economic activity and to achieve their macroeconomic policy objective, and fiscal policy is one of the main policy.
Fiscal policy: the taxation and spending decision of a government, in order to influence Aggregate Demand (AD) and the level of economic activity.
AD is the total level of planned expenditure in an economy. AD=C+I+G+(X-M)
Government can raise AD by increasing its own spending and/or reducing taxation, eg increase government spending on transport, or at the areas of health or education, this will have multiplier effect, causing AD raising even further.
A cut in income tax will increase people’s disposable income, this will raise consumption. Lower corporation tax bring increase ability of firms to invest and in the result will be increase AD.
Expansionary FiscalPolicy:
Increase government spending and cut taxes. Lower taxes will increase consumers spending because they have more disposable income(C).This will worsen the governmentt budget deficit. they do it to increase AD and reduce unemployment. But it can lead to nflation and increase imports.
Contractionary fiscal policy:
Decreae government spending, increase tax-will reduce consumer spending,this will lead to an improvement in the government budget deficit.
But deflationary policy involves measure to reduce AD, it is cuts in government spending and/or rises in taxes.
There are three economic policies that governments use to influence economic activity and to achieve their macroeconomic policy objective, and fiscal policy is one of the main policy.
Fiscal policy: the taxation and spending decision of a government, in order to influence Aggregate Demand (AD) and the level of economic activity.
AD is the total level of planned expenditure in an economy. AD=C+I+G+(X-M)
Government can raise AD by increasing its own spending and/or reducing taxation, eg increase government spending on transport, or at the areas of health or education, this will have multiplier effect, causing AD raising even further.
A cut in income tax will increase people’s disposable income, this will raise consumption. Lower corporation tax bring increase ability of firms to invest and in the result will be increase AD.
Expansionary FiscalPolicy:
Increase government spending and cut taxes. Lower taxes will increase consumers spending because they have more disposable income(C).This will worsen the governmentt budget deficit. they do it to increase AD and reduce unemployment. But it can lead to nflation and increase imports.
Contractionary fiscal policy:
Decreae government spending, increase tax-will reduce consumer spending,this will lead to an improvement in the government budget deficit.
But deflationary policy involves measure to reduce AD, it is cuts in government spending and/or rises in taxes.
Thursday 12 March 2009
Marxism
There are three main aim:
1 Education prepares children for the world for work by giving them skills and values they will need.
2 Education justifies inequality. Inequality is a structural in origin because it is fundamental to the economic system.
3 Education passes on rulling class ideolgy that supports capitalsm. A rulling class, if it is to continue in power, must ensure it reproducers itself over time. People have to be sociolised into acceprting the basic ideas of Capitalism. For the rulling class to maintain its economic domination, power and influence, it is vital that the education system reproduce:
a) the basic ideology of Capitalism
b) the economis domination of rulling class over time.
The educational process has appearance of fairness and merit, which means that success and failure can be rationalised as a failure of the individual rather than the system as a whole.
Althusser see education as a part of ideological stat apparatus. It is a tool of capitalism which as belief tha society is fair. And he thinks that education produces a doclie and obedient workforce.
Bowles and Gintis say that there is a close link between school and work, there is a correspondence between pupil experiences of school and adult work. Also pupils are taught to accept hierarchy at scholl, work also has a hierarchy. Pupils are motivated by grades to do boring work, workers are rewarded with pay to do boring work. The school day is broken into a small units , so is the work day. At school and work subservirence is rewarded.
They think that the hidden curriculam prepares people for work.
Willis says that education doesn't turn out an obedient workforce.
Bordieu use concept of culture capital ,to explain how the middle-class get into the top position.
There are three main aim:
1 Education prepares children for the world for work by giving them skills and values they will need.
2 Education justifies inequality. Inequality is a structural in origin because it is fundamental to the economic system.
3 Education passes on rulling class ideolgy that supports capitalsm. A rulling class, if it is to continue in power, must ensure it reproducers itself over time. People have to be sociolised into acceprting the basic ideas of Capitalism. For the rulling class to maintain its economic domination, power and influence, it is vital that the education system reproduce:
a) the basic ideology of Capitalism
b) the economis domination of rulling class over time.
The educational process has appearance of fairness and merit, which means that success and failure can be rationalised as a failure of the individual rather than the system as a whole.
Althusser see education as a part of ideological stat apparatus. It is a tool of capitalism which as belief tha society is fair. And he thinks that education produces a doclie and obedient workforce.
Bowles and Gintis say that there is a close link between school and work, there is a correspondence between pupil experiences of school and adult work. Also pupils are taught to accept hierarchy at scholl, work also has a hierarchy. Pupils are motivated by grades to do boring work, workers are rewarded with pay to do boring work. The school day is broken into a small units , so is the work day. At school and work subservirence is rewarded.
They think that the hidden curriculam prepares people for work.
Willis says that education doesn't turn out an obedient workforce.
Bordieu use concept of culture capital ,to explain how the middle-class get into the top position.
Youth unemployment was the result of school’s failure to teach appropriate work skills. And this skills was to blame for Britain’s economic decline, at the result was aim to reduce youth unemployment, to increase people’s skill levels and make more aware of the world of work, and appeared vocationalism.
Vocationalism is a series of measures in the 1980s that reemphasized the importance of work-related education .
Vocation education and training have had many critics, particularly from neo-Marxist writers. Finn(1987) argues that there is a hidden political agenda to vocational training.
It provides cheap labour for employers, keeps the pay rates of young workers low.
It reduces political embarrassing unemployment statistics.
It may also be intended to reduce crime by removing young people from the streets.
Philip Cohen (1984) argue that the real purpose of vocational training is to create good attitudes and also work discipline rather than actual job skills. It is help young people come to accept a likely future low-paid and unskilled work. Youth unemployment it is not mean that they haven’t experience from part-time jobs, it is mean that people need in the vocational courses, to improve their knowledge and skills.
There are two main aims of vocational education and training:
First, to provide the training for a high wage and high skill economy, so the UK can compete successfully market in the world.
Second, to reduce unemployment, particularly for young people.
Part of the reason to change was to raise the status of vocational qualifications to the level of academic qualifications The aim of NVQs is to raise skill level in a wide range of jobs. In 1990s, was fastest growing job in hospitals and nursing homes.
Tony Blair claimed that it helped to young people find jobs, and also it helped others move into higher education.
Correspondence theory , it is a close correspondence between the social relationship in the classroom and those in the workplace.
Schools, like the wider society are based on the hierarchies. Pupils have little control over their work and future result depend only from pupils. Schools reward punctuality, obedience, hard work. Pupils should be motivated by educational qualifications, how workers are motivated by paying. Gintis argue that this correspondence between schools and workplace effectively reproduce workers from one generation to the next.
Vocationalism is a series of measures in the 1980s that reemphasized the importance of work-related education .
Vocation education and training have had many critics, particularly from neo-Marxist writers. Finn(1987) argues that there is a hidden political agenda to vocational training.
It provides cheap labour for employers, keeps the pay rates of young workers low.
It reduces political embarrassing unemployment statistics.
It may also be intended to reduce crime by removing young people from the streets.
Philip Cohen (1984) argue that the real purpose of vocational training is to create good attitudes and also work discipline rather than actual job skills. It is help young people come to accept a likely future low-paid and unskilled work. Youth unemployment it is not mean that they haven’t experience from part-time jobs, it is mean that people need in the vocational courses, to improve their knowledge and skills.
There are two main aims of vocational education and training:
First, to provide the training for a high wage and high skill economy, so the UK can compete successfully market in the world.
Second, to reduce unemployment, particularly for young people.
Part of the reason to change was to raise the status of vocational qualifications to the level of academic qualifications The aim of NVQs is to raise skill level in a wide range of jobs. In 1990s, was fastest growing job in hospitals and nursing homes.
Tony Blair claimed that it helped to young people find jobs, and also it helped others move into higher education.
Correspondence theory , it is a close correspondence between the social relationship in the classroom and those in the workplace.
Schools, like the wider society are based on the hierarchies. Pupils have little control over their work and future result depend only from pupils. Schools reward punctuality, obedience, hard work. Pupils should be motivated by educational qualifications, how workers are motivated by paying. Gintis argue that this correspondence between schools and workplace effectively reproduce workers from one generation to the next.
Tuesday 10 March 2009
Jan Flaherty holds on Economic and Social Research Council studentship and her research interests are poverty and discourse. She has worked as a research assistant for Professor Ruth Lister at Lough-borough University.
Educational disadvantages.
The links between poverty, social class and poor educational attainment are strong. They are evident before the primary school, increase throughout a child’s school career, reflected in different qualifications and rates of access to further education.
2002 59% of children receiving free school meals (FSM), 70% of those are not receiving free school meals (non-FSM)
Schools in the poorest areas have 10 to 25% of pupils achieving 5GSCE passes at grades A*-C ( because they are haven’t resources for this, some special guides, computers or private tutors)
Nearly 90% of ’failing schools’ are located in deprived areas.
A close link between truanting and child poverty. Money problems in the family were a significant factors in younger children’s non-attendance at school.
Children who grow up in poverty are more likely to leave school at age 16, factor is decrease the chance of receiving high-grades GSCEs
Lack of materials resources such as space to work, books, computers at home, money for equipment and trips were idmitified by professionals in education as key factors in children’s low performance.
Poverty can follow a child into adulthood, in habiting aspirations and leading to under-achievement and educational and employment disadvantage. As a result, plans to reduce child poverty need to tackle both the immediate and long-term effects of childhood deprivation.
Thursday 26 February 2009
Secondary agents of socialization
The secondary agents of socialization and function to build on what has been learned during primary socialization in order to help the child to take their place in wider society.
Functionalists see education systems as essential in that they transmit shared cultural values, thus producing conformity and consensus.
Durkheim believed that some subjects such history, language and religious, education link the individual to society, past and present, by encouraging a sense of pride in the historical and religious achievements of their nation. This reinforces their sense of belonging of society.
Parsons argued that the main function of education was to act as a social bridge between the family unit and wider society. Education socializes children- achievement, competition and individualism, functionalists see the transmission of these values as essential in preparing young people for the world work.
Marxist- Althusser (1971), argue that education as an agency of socialization is dominated by a hidden curriculum- a ruling-class ideology that encourages conformity and an unquestioning acceptance of the organization of the capitalism. Working-class pupils are socialized to see their failure as their own fault and as deserved rather than being caused by capitalism’s need for a relatively uneducated manual labour force.
Many sociologist argue that mass media- newspapers, magazines, television, films, pop music, computer games, the internet- comprise the most significant socialization agency today. As far as influence over values and norms are concerned. Mass media offer a window onto the wider world and provide much of the important required to make sense of events that have bearing on our everyday lives. Also media may have the power to structure how and what we think.
New vocationalism
Until 1970s, vocational training- training for work was seen as the responsibility of employers. They teach new recruit’s the skills needed in the work place. Also in the schools for the young people who lacked the skills required by industry, and the line of argument led to the new vocationalism.
Aims of vocational education have focused on two main areas:
First, to provide the training needed for a high wage/high skill economy, so that the UK can compete successfully in world markets.
Second, to reduce unemployment, particularly for young people.
2 Compare the political views on the role of education
a) Liberals
b) Social Democrat
c) New Right
''Liberal Education is an approach to learning that empowers individuals and prepares them to deal with complexity, diversity, and change. It provides students with broad knowledge of the wider world (e.g. science, culture, and society) as well as in-depth study in a specific area of interest. A liberal education helps students develop a sense of social responsibility, as well as strong and transferable intellectual and practical skills such as communication, analytical and problem-solving skills, and a demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and skills in real-world settings. ''
Social Democratic have had an important influence on government educational policy. Social democratic theorists start the view that everybody should have an equal chance to succeed in the educational system, it also brings practical benefits. A well educated- workforce will lead to economic growth. In democracy everybody has a right to equal opportunity. If people have not opportunity to develop their aptitudes and abilities, then their contribution to society as a whole will be reduced.
New Right policies favour the use of market forces as a method of distributing resources. In a free market, consumers have choice and choose between a range of products. Producers compete to produce the best price. In this way, schools compete to attract pupils and educational standards to improve.
Their first actions, though, involved trying to tackle the growing problem of youth unemployment .
The secondary agents of socialization and function to build on what has been learned during primary socialization in order to help the child to take their place in wider society.
Functionalists see education systems as essential in that they transmit shared cultural values, thus producing conformity and consensus.
Durkheim believed that some subjects such history, language and religious, education link the individual to society, past and present, by encouraging a sense of pride in the historical and religious achievements of their nation. This reinforces their sense of belonging of society.
Parsons argued that the main function of education was to act as a social bridge between the family unit and wider society. Education socializes children- achievement, competition and individualism, functionalists see the transmission of these values as essential in preparing young people for the world work.
Marxist- Althusser (1971), argue that education as an agency of socialization is dominated by a hidden curriculum- a ruling-class ideology that encourages conformity and an unquestioning acceptance of the organization of the capitalism. Working-class pupils are socialized to see their failure as their own fault and as deserved rather than being caused by capitalism’s need for a relatively uneducated manual labour force.
Many sociologist argue that mass media- newspapers, magazines, television, films, pop music, computer games, the internet- comprise the most significant socialization agency today. As far as influence over values and norms are concerned. Mass media offer a window onto the wider world and provide much of the important required to make sense of events that have bearing on our everyday lives. Also media may have the power to structure how and what we think.
New vocationalism
Until 1970s, vocational training- training for work was seen as the responsibility of employers. They teach new recruit’s the skills needed in the work place. Also in the schools for the young people who lacked the skills required by industry, and the line of argument led to the new vocationalism.
Aims of vocational education have focused on two main areas:
First, to provide the training needed for a high wage/high skill economy, so that the UK can compete successfully in world markets.
Second, to reduce unemployment, particularly for young people.
2 Compare the political views on the role of education
a) Liberals
b) Social Democrat
c) New Right
''Liberal Education is an approach to learning that empowers individuals and prepares them to deal with complexity, diversity, and change. It provides students with broad knowledge of the wider world (e.g. science, culture, and society) as well as in-depth study in a specific area of interest. A liberal education helps students develop a sense of social responsibility, as well as strong and transferable intellectual and practical skills such as communication, analytical and problem-solving skills, and a demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and skills in real-world settings. ''
Social Democratic have had an important influence on government educational policy. Social democratic theorists start the view that everybody should have an equal chance to succeed in the educational system, it also brings practical benefits. A well educated- workforce will lead to economic growth. In democracy everybody has a right to equal opportunity. If people have not opportunity to develop their aptitudes and abilities, then their contribution to society as a whole will be reduced.
New Right policies favour the use of market forces as a method of distributing resources. In a free market, consumers have choice and choose between a range of products. Producers compete to produce the best price. In this way, schools compete to attract pupils and educational standards to improve.
Their first actions, though, involved trying to tackle the growing problem of youth unemployment .
Sunday 15 February 2009
Why do some pupils achieve more than others?
The education system is one of the most influential institutions in society. Some pupils are better than others, it depends of social classes, culture capital, family income, amount of knowledge, attitudes and skills. There are differences in class of society, between working class and upper class, between boys and girls, between ethnic groups.
Social classes.
Pupils of upper class go to special schools , i.e. it can be private school where study only pupils, who's family income is higher than working class. Pupils have pocket money and they never think about work at the moment when they study. Also parents can hire a private tutor or buy different revision guide when their children have problems in education.
Schools for working-class are free, include uniforms, transport to and from school, classroom materials, school textbooks and other neccessary things for education. Working-class children more likely to have to work part time to support their studies. They do it to earn some money because their parents' income is small. Also parents can more easily afford to pay for childcare and it is give affect at the pupils' attendance and performance at school. Pupils are more likely to leave school at the age of 16 and less likely to go to University, because their parents can not pay for the higher education, also children are not interested in higher education because their basic one is poorer than others', and they think they can not have success in education, because parents and teachers do not believe in them.
Culture capital is valuable as material wealth- economical capital, forms of knowledge, values, ways of interacting and communication ideas. Working-class and ethnic minority children may lack this qualities and have not the same chances to succeed. Middle-class mothers had more educational qualifications and they used cultural capital to good effect to helping children with their homework and other school things. Mothers who have the main influence on their children's education and their effectiveness depends on the amount of cultural capital at their disposal, and this depends on their social class.
The education system is one of the most influential institutions in society. Some pupils are better than others, it depends of social classes, culture capital, family income, amount of knowledge, attitudes and skills. There are differences in class of society, between working class and upper class, between boys and girls, between ethnic groups.
Social classes.
Pupils of upper class go to special schools , i.e. it can be private school where study only pupils, who's family income is higher than working class. Pupils have pocket money and they never think about work at the moment when they study. Also parents can hire a private tutor or buy different revision guide when their children have problems in education.
Schools for working-class are free, include uniforms, transport to and from school, classroom materials, school textbooks and other neccessary things for education. Working-class children more likely to have to work part time to support their studies. They do it to earn some money because their parents' income is small. Also parents can more easily afford to pay for childcare and it is give affect at the pupils' attendance and performance at school. Pupils are more likely to leave school at the age of 16 and less likely to go to University, because their parents can not pay for the higher education, also children are not interested in higher education because their basic one is poorer than others', and they think they can not have success in education, because parents and teachers do not believe in them.
Culture capital is valuable as material wealth- economical capital, forms of knowledge, values, ways of interacting and communication ideas. Working-class and ethnic minority children may lack this qualities and have not the same chances to succeed. Middle-class mothers had more educational qualifications and they used cultural capital to good effect to helping children with their homework and other school things. Mothers who have the main influence on their children's education and their effectiveness depends on the amount of cultural capital at their disposal, and this depends on their social class.
Tuesday 3 February 2009
Feral Youths
Nowadays children are beginning to behave like animals. Their behaviour is agressive and lutish. Teenagers are the biggest drinkers, the most sexually promiscuous, the worst educated, and more likely to commit violent crimes, make noises and disturb their neighbours.More than 60% of teenagers drink alcohol and then about 20% have agressive behaviour and after this they can not control your-self. They drink alcohol (wine or beer) because it is cheap way to have fun then to go to cinema or to football match because it is expensive than alcochol drinks.
There are more and more feral youths because their parents spend less time to their children, also children from poor family or lone parents family can have feral behaviour.
Nowadays children are beginning to behave like animals. Their behaviour is agressive and lutish. Teenagers are the biggest drinkers, the most sexually promiscuous, the worst educated, and more likely to commit violent crimes, make noises and disturb their neighbours.More than 60% of teenagers drink alcohol and then about 20% have agressive behaviour and after this they can not control your-self. They drink alcohol (wine or beer) because it is cheap way to have fun then to go to cinema or to football match because it is expensive than alcochol drinks.
There are more and more feral youths because their parents spend less time to their children, also children from poor family or lone parents family can have feral behaviour.
Friday 30 January 2009
Nowadays women have become more financially independent of their husband, religious values have become less important, parents are very busy because at fisrt place is important career. Parents are spend less time with their children, sometimes parents do not know their children, they just give them money for necessary things. Sometimes business-parents think that children need in money but they forget that child need at care, at parents love and attention.
Some children grow up in family where is lone parents or domestic violence, and it is influence at the child's future.
Teenage girls have interesting to try alcohol,to smoke cigarette, drugs or maybe to commit murder, because it is forbidden friut. For example, their parents are drink alcohol and after these their behaviour are changed (they can be happy and funny or very wicked or agressive). Also friends and club can give influence at teenage. Friends can press morale and after teenage can do everything.
But if parents will have interest about their children and in the shop seller will sell alcohol after 18 ( and demand fall down in illegal sell) It help to stop crime commite.
Some children grow up in family where is lone parents or domestic violence, and it is influence at the child's future.
Teenage girls have interesting to try alcohol,to smoke cigarette, drugs or maybe to commit murder, because it is forbidden friut. For example, their parents are drink alcohol and after these their behaviour are changed (they can be happy and funny or very wicked or agressive). Also friends and club can give influence at teenage. Friends can press morale and after teenage can do everything.
But if parents will have interest about their children and in the shop seller will sell alcohol after 18 ( and demand fall down in illegal sell) It help to stop crime commite.
Tuesday 27 January 2009
Feminist perspectives on the family
Feminist is the purpose of the family is to reinforce the dominant position of men within a patriarchal society. Feminism has altered the perception of what a wife might expect from a marriage. Women are now more wiling to consider alternatives to raising children within the nuclear family, which is partly due to the impact of feminism.
Femenists have focused on the contribution of domestic labour (housework and childcare), to capitalist economies. Work is unpaid but has great value for capitalist economies. Capitalism exploits women and men benefit from this exploitation.
Women's domestic labour and sexual sevices help to maintain the present workforce's physical and emotional fitness. Women's domestic labour by hiring women as cleaners, nannies and cooks. This enables the wealthy of both sexe to pursue careers outside the home.
Some femenists suggest that the nuclear family may be useful to capitalism, it is provodies an emotionally supportive retreat for male workers. However, men may attempt to make up for their lack of power ,control in the workplace by exerting control within the family. But this can be negative consequences for some females ( domestic violence)
Feminist is the purpose of the family is to reinforce the dominant position of men within a patriarchal society. Feminism has altered the perception of what a wife might expect from a marriage. Women are now more wiling to consider alternatives to raising children within the nuclear family, which is partly due to the impact of feminism.
Femenists have focused on the contribution of domestic labour (housework and childcare), to capitalist economies. Work is unpaid but has great value for capitalist economies. Capitalism exploits women and men benefit from this exploitation.
Women's domestic labour and sexual sevices help to maintain the present workforce's physical and emotional fitness. Women's domestic labour by hiring women as cleaners, nannies and cooks. This enables the wealthy of both sexe to pursue careers outside the home.
Some femenists suggest that the nuclear family may be useful to capitalism, it is provodies an emotionally supportive retreat for male workers. However, men may attempt to make up for their lack of power ,control in the workplace by exerting control within the family. But this can be negative consequences for some females ( domestic violence)
Monday 26 January 2009
Why are there inequalities among children?
A child is a human between the stage of birth and puberty. Social attitudes toward children different around the world and have also changed over time. Vast differences in the inequality of life children increasing depend on where they life.
There are inequality in: Education, Health, Status and income of family.
People, who has money they can allow what they want. They never thinking about where they can take money for health or education, but poor people are opposite, they always have problem with money. And these is reason of inequality among children.
Ruth Benedict (1934)
Ruth Benedict (1887-1948) was one of the most eminent anthropologists of the 20th century.
She wrote book 'Patterns of Culture', where she wrote about freer and tolerant life.
Patterns of Culture is an eloquent declaration of the role of culture in shaping human life.Ruth Benedict compares three societies -the Zuni of the southwestern United States, the Kwakiutl of western Canada, and the Dobuans of Melanesia and demonstrates the diversity of behaviour in them. Benedict's groundbreaking study shows that a unique configuration of traits defines each human culture and she examines the relationship between culture and the individual. Benedict's 'Patterns of Culture' is a foundational text in teaching us the value of diversity. Anthropology is the study of humanity. Benedict had hope that after reading her book, people can understand difference between children living in different counterparts.
A child is a human between the stage of birth and puberty. Social attitudes toward children different around the world and have also changed over time. Vast differences in the inequality of life children increasing depend on where they life.
There are inequality in: Education, Health, Status and income of family.
People, who has money they can allow what they want. They never thinking about where they can take money for health or education, but poor people are opposite, they always have problem with money. And these is reason of inequality among children.
Ruth Benedict (1934)
Ruth Benedict (1887-1948) was one of the most eminent anthropologists of the 20th century.
She wrote book 'Patterns of Culture', where she wrote about freer and tolerant life.
Patterns of Culture is an eloquent declaration of the role of culture in shaping human life.Ruth Benedict compares three societies -the Zuni of the southwestern United States, the Kwakiutl of western Canada, and the Dobuans of Melanesia and demonstrates the diversity of behaviour in them. Benedict's groundbreaking study shows that a unique configuration of traits defines each human culture and she examines the relationship between culture and the individual. Benedict's 'Patterns of Culture' is a foundational text in teaching us the value of diversity. Anthropology is the study of humanity. Benedict had hope that after reading her book, people can understand difference between children living in different counterparts.
Symmetrical relationship
An interesting perspective on complementary and symmetrical relationships can
be gained by looking at the ways in which these patterns combine to exert control in a relationship
Relationship Types. This classification is based on the research
of Rogers-Millar & Millar 1979.
- In competitive symmetry each person try to control over the other.
In submissive symmetry each person communicate submission.
In neutralized symmetry each person communicate similarly but neither competitively, one-up, nor submissively, one down.
In complementarily one person communicates the desire to control (one-up) and the other person communicates submission (one-down).
In another type of complementarily—the reverse of the above—the submissive message (one-down) comes first and is followed by a controlling (one-up) message.
They don’t respond to a competitive message with submission, no to a submissive message
with a competitive one.
Maybe these classification help to communicate easy with you partner.
Toxic childhood
Britain’s children are among the most unhappy in Europe, it is measure of children well-being. Modern life leads to more depression among children and children’s behaviour and developmental conditions. Children’s brains are still developing . they can not understand how as full grown adults or the effects of ever more rapid technological and culture change. Children still need what developing human beings have always needed, including real food ( as opposed ‘junk’).
One of the most prominent signatories, that children’s increasingly screen-based lifestyle have profound risk. These include the potential loss of imagination and the tendency to confuse fact with knowledge. Actually these risk can change the physical working of brain.Now children are more distractible and impulsive then they were few years ago, because there are problems with discipline in school. Children need to spend less time in virtual world and more in the real world, playing real games, communicate with real people, including the important adults in their life.
If our children do not have the opportunity to grow up in such an enabling learning environment, the danger is that the behaviour and mental health problems that are now so endemic and rapidly increasing will become even more widespread, and our children will be ill-equipped to deal with the society of the future.
Britain’s children are among the most unhappy in Europe, it is measure of children well-being. Modern life leads to more depression among children and children’s behaviour and developmental conditions. Children’s brains are still developing . they can not understand how as full grown adults or the effects of ever more rapid technological and culture change. Children still need what developing human beings have always needed, including real food ( as opposed ‘junk’).
One of the most prominent signatories, that children’s increasingly screen-based lifestyle have profound risk. These include the potential loss of imagination and the tendency to confuse fact with knowledge. Actually these risk can change the physical working of brain.Now children are more distractible and impulsive then they were few years ago, because there are problems with discipline in school. Children need to spend less time in virtual world and more in the real world, playing real games, communicate with real people, including the important adults in their life.
If our children do not have the opportunity to grow up in such an enabling learning environment, the danger is that the behaviour and mental health problems that are now so endemic and rapidly increasing will become even more widespread, and our children will be ill-equipped to deal with the society of the future.
The commercialisation of housework as outlined by Hilary Silver (1987) and Juliet Schor (1993)
There are two theories about the extent to which homework—paid work in the home—helps integrate work and domestic roles for men and women. Contrasting male and female homeworkers with their counterparts working outside the home. It supports some aspects of both the resource and role overload theories, but predominantly the role overload perspective. Homeworkers, especially in the working class, experience less interference between job and family life, but perform more housework and child care. They have no more leisure time no greater marital satisfaction than those working outside the home, but receive more family assistance with their paid jobs, suggesting that they combine tasks from their first and second shifts. Working at home does not break down gender roles in domestic life. Despite time saved from commuting. Male homeworkers perform no more housework than comparable men working outside the home. Thus, the gender division of unpaid household labor is not simply a matter of resources or spatial logistics.
There are two theories about the extent to which homework—paid work in the home—helps integrate work and domestic roles for men and women. Contrasting male and female homeworkers with their counterparts working outside the home. It supports some aspects of both the resource and role overload theories, but predominantly the role overload perspective. Homeworkers, especially in the working class, experience less interference between job and family life, but perform more housework and child care. They have no more leisure time no greater marital satisfaction than those working outside the home, but receive more family assistance with their paid jobs, suggesting that they combine tasks from their first and second shifts. Working at home does not break down gender roles in domestic life. Despite time saved from commuting. Male homeworkers perform no more housework than comparable men working outside the home. Thus, the gender division of unpaid household labor is not simply a matter of resources or spatial logistics.
Sunday 25 January 2009
'Emotion work' and how this can be applied to the family.
Work and family.Work is a second family (every day you meat your collegues, you have best friend, with whom you can speak about different topics). But if you have problems at work it can influence at your family, because you will take it out on your family, and also you are not interesting what is happening in your family, because you mind think only about how to solve problem. At this moment can start psychological depression because you have not interesting at something else, or can be stress, It is negative of your side and it is pass to your households. And atmosphere will be strained in the family. I think that if you have problems at work, you shouldn't bring them to home.
Work and family.Work is a second family (every day you meat your collegues, you have best friend, with whom you can speak about different topics). But if you have problems at work it can influence at your family, because you will take it out on your family, and also you are not interesting what is happening in your family, because you mind think only about how to solve problem. At this moment can start psychological depression because you have not interesting at something else, or can be stress, It is negative of your side and it is pass to your households. And atmosphere will be strained in the family. I think that if you have problems at work, you shouldn't bring them to home.
Saturday 24 January 2009
Friday 23 January 2009
Elizabeth Bott's conjugal roles (1975)
Elizabeth Bott's Family and Social Network (1957) has stimulated much research in the area of kinship networks and network analysis in general. Her hypotheses have been tested and criticized, refined and modified. And still they remain provocative and controversial.
A conjugal role describes the positions and tasks typically taken up by husband and wife or cohabiting partners in the family. It has been argued that these roles are becoming increasingly joint in relation to the family. Elizabeth Bott (1957) distinguishes between two polar types of conjugal role relationship, segregated and joint. Segregated in a sense that men and women have clear differentiation in tasks, interests and activities. Botts study suggests that there is a basic division of labour in which the man is responsible for supporting the family financially and the women performs the housework and childcare. However according to Bott joint relationships are in existence, however this depends on the class and background that the couples have each come from, joint relationships is when there is a minimum of tasks differentiation and separation of interests.
Elizabeth Bott's Family and Social Network (1957) has stimulated much research in the area of kinship networks and network analysis in general. Her hypotheses have been tested and criticized, refined and modified. And still they remain provocative and controversial.
A conjugal role describes the positions and tasks typically taken up by husband and wife or cohabiting partners in the family. It has been argued that these roles are becoming increasingly joint in relation to the family. Elizabeth Bott (1957) distinguishes between two polar types of conjugal role relationship, segregated and joint. Segregated in a sense that men and women have clear differentiation in tasks, interests and activities. Botts study suggests that there is a basic division of labour in which the man is responsible for supporting the family financially and the women performs the housework and childcare. However according to Bott joint relationships are in existence, however this depends on the class and background that the couples have each come from, joint relationships is when there is a minimum of tasks differentiation and separation of interests.
Homework 7
Wise... What does it mean? Different people understand this word difference...
Wise is a ability when person make rigth decision. It is big, great mind when you use in life practise. When you can find way who to solve problem. For example you study on the other mistake and try not to go to this wrong way.
Wise is available for everyone, but wise also can keep potencial in positive way and also wise has negative side. And sometimes this negative are very bad at the end.
Wise is a science of happiness
As for me wise it is when you an realy solve correct problem and after this make conclusion and never repeat this. Wise can help go around difficult situation.
Wise... What does it mean? Different people understand this word difference...
Wise is a ability when person make rigth decision. It is big, great mind when you use in life practise. When you can find way who to solve problem. For example you study on the other mistake and try not to go to this wrong way.
Wise is available for everyone, but wise also can keep potencial in positive way and also wise has negative side. And sometimes this negative are very bad at the end.
Wise is a science of happiness
As for me wise it is when you an realy solve correct problem and after this make conclusion and never repeat this. Wise can help go around difficult situation.
Family and other animals
Nowadays family who can't have children they have pets( dog or cat) . Yes, to have pets less take care then for the children and noisy sounds, also children more need in the attention of parents then pets, and such as now many family are very busy and really are at home. But pets are a part of family because family like them as a child and pets are present them love.
Goth
The Goth culture had been the case of the alleged perpetrators obsession with revenge and it is responsble for the homocides. They have their own group where they spend their time with different traditions and of this they have pleasure.
They are not bisexual or homosexual, but they lead hands when they meat friends who are not goth, the do this because they like to shock people. Also they use of white makeup, wear black clothes, this they do it because they like when people look at them.
This type of people are depressed, unusually bigoted, involved in illigal drugs and suicidal.
To buy or not to buy
Children living in families with either low or high levels of household income they are different. Children living in the high level of househod income they have all what they want and may be they never hear answer NO when they ask their parents to buy something. Also children not interesting that to earn morney not easy. But children from low level they always want sometning but parents can not buy, and children can dream about things long time, because they understand that income is less than sales. I think that children of all levels should interesting in the income of household and understand and sometimes to think about new purchase.
Nowadays family who can't have children they have pets( dog or cat) . Yes, to have pets less take care then for the children and noisy sounds, also children more need in the attention of parents then pets, and such as now many family are very busy and really are at home. But pets are a part of family because family like them as a child and pets are present them love.
Goth
The Goth culture had been the case of the alleged perpetrators obsession with revenge and it is responsble for the homocides. They have their own group where they spend their time with different traditions and of this they have pleasure.
They are not bisexual or homosexual, but they lead hands when they meat friends who are not goth, the do this because they like to shock people. Also they use of white makeup, wear black clothes, this they do it because they like when people look at them.
This type of people are depressed, unusually bigoted, involved in illigal drugs and suicidal.
To buy or not to buy
Children living in families with either low or high levels of household income they are different. Children living in the high level of househod income they have all what they want and may be they never hear answer NO when they ask their parents to buy something. Also children not interesting that to earn morney not easy. But children from low level they always want sometning but parents can not buy, and children can dream about things long time, because they understand that income is less than sales. I think that children of all levels should interesting in the income of household and understand and sometimes to think about new purchase.
Sociology
It is science of human behavior and individual life. It is intersting science because when you study this scienceyou can know more interesting facts but not easy. Sociology examinate the forms of social structure ( groups, organisation, communities), social category ( sex, age,race), also sociology is economic or political or religious. Areas studied in examining social dynamics include: culture, values, socialization, cooperation, conflict, power, exchange, inequality, deviance, social control, violence, order and social change.
It is science of human behavior and individual life. It is intersting science because when you study this scienceyou can know more interesting facts but not easy. Sociology examinate the forms of social structure ( groups, organisation, communities), social category ( sex, age,race), also sociology is economic or political or religious. Areas studied in examining social dynamics include: culture, values, socialization, cooperation, conflict, power, exchange, inequality, deviance, social control, violence, order and social change.
Nature and Nurture
The nature against of nurture debates concern the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities. It can be individual differences in physical and behavioural traits. But this words are combined. Of course each person has individual nature, but sometimes while child are grow parents want to change character, but in the future nature can show true character, such as it is not real to change genes with each you are born.
The nature against of nurture debates concern the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities. It can be individual differences in physical and behavioural traits. But this words are combined. Of course each person has individual nature, but sometimes while child are grow parents want to change character, but in the future nature can show true character, such as it is not real to change genes with each you are born.
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